Surprising events
The unexpected action by Switzerland's central bank in early 2015 caused losses in the hundreds of millions of dollars for traders, ranging from tiny retail traders to huge institutions. Retail trading account losses wiped out many brokers to the point of bankruptcy.
Unexpected one-time incidents are not the only dangers that forex traders face. Here are a few more:
Leverage
The attractiveness of forex trading stems from the use of leverage, which compounds winnings and losses. The leverage permitted in certain regulatory environments may be as high as 200:1. Excessive leverage is the single greatest risk factor in retail forex trading, which is why authorities in many countries limit leverage.
Asymmetric risk-reward ratios
Seasoned forex traders limit their losses and counter them by looking for large returns on profitable trades by employing a sensible risk-to-reward ratio. On the other hand, most retail traders do the opposite, achieving tiny gains on a number of positions but then hanging on to a losing trade for too long and suffering a significant loss. This might potentially lead to a loss greater than your original investment.
Institutions have the edge over retail traders
The largest forex trading institutions have vast trading operations linked to the currency world and have an information advantage that a retail trader does not have.
Volatility
Because of leverage, price movements can be extremely fast during extraordinary currency volatility. Except for those scheduled in the economic calendar, events may occur unexpectedly and influence the markets before most individual traders can respond.
Over-the-counter (OTC)
The forex market is an OTC market that is neither centralised nor regulated in the same way that the stock and futures markets are. This also implies that no clearing body guarantees trades, which may lead to counterparty risk.
Manipulation
There have been isolated examples of currency fraud, such as Safe investment, which vanished with more than $1 billion in investor assets in 2014.
Forex rate market manipulation has also been widespread, including some of the most powerful participants. Stop-loss hunting is a frequent method market movers use to influence the markets. These major companies will coordinate price changes based on where they believe retail traders have put their stop-loss orders.